高中英语课文教学的“导、读、练”——培养学生整体阅读能力初探

　　1.浅层阅读，整体上了解课文大意和轮廓

　　这一步，采用泛读或略读(Extensive reading)的方式，引导学生快速通读全文，了解课文的大意和中心思想，让学生“见之森林”，知其概貌。

　　语言学家Eddio Williams 说过（1984）：As a rule, while-reading work should begin with a general or global understanding of the text, and then move to smaller units such as paragraphs, sentences and words.

　　泛读或略读就是让学生快速浏览全文，并通过标题和主题句，对文章的内容、结构和作者的写作意图形成整体印象。之后，教师可设计练习检测阅读效果，帮助学生捕获信息，练习可采用判断正误、排序和选择填空等形式。

　　例如教SEFC SB1A L50 ABRAHAM LINCOLN时，围绕课文大意设计了如下整体理解训练题：

　　Number the sentences according to the text：

　　A. Lincoln became President in 1860, and worked hard for the freedom of all slaves.

　　B. Abraham Lincoln was from a poor family, and his education added up to no more than one year.

　　C. Later the American Civil War broke out.

　　D. He became President for the second time in 1864, but in the next year, he was shot.

　　E. When he was young, he became a lawyer and he was strongly against slavery.

　　(Key: B E A C D)

　　又如教SEFC SB1A L38 THE OLYMPIC GAMES时，我采用了判断的形式：

　　Tell if the sentences true or false:

　　1) Both the Summer and Winter Olympics are held every four years. (T)

　　2) The modern Olympic Games began around the year 779 BC. (F)

　　3) In the old times both men and women were allowed to take part in the Olympic Games. (F)

　　4) The first modern Olympics happened in the year 400 AD. (F)

　　5) The Olympics were born in Greece. (T)

　　6) The 24th Summer Olympics were held in Barcelona in Spain. (F)

　　7) In Barcelona the Chinese team won 16 medals. (F)

　　8) Horse-riding is one of the unusual sports in the Olympic Games. (T)

　　这样训练可培养学生归纳和概括信息的能力。

　　2.深层阅读，局部了解课文的主要情节和要点

　　这一步，采用精读或细读(Intensive reading)的方式引导学生仔细阅读课文，抓住情节掌握要点。

　　在泛读或略读之后，学生已知晓文章大意，教师应指导他们运用已学的知识和已有的生活经验对文中信息进行逻辑推理和分析判断，帮助学生掌握课文的段落结构，分析各段之间的逻辑关系，帮助学生准确理解人物性格、事实原因、事物发展规律、作者的观点以及文章字里行间的深层含义。

　　为达到以上目的，教师还要答疑解难。对文中影响阅读的语法和语言点，教师要适当讲解，但不可游离于课本之外甚远。在这个过程中必须坚持以学生为本，让学生作为阅读实践活动的主角。教师应多角度、多层次、多形式地为学生设计阅读活动，使所有学生全程参与阅读过程。教师可尝试用时间排序法、通篇提要法、深层提问法、图示法、瞻前顾后法、句式转变法等等。下面仅举两例。

　　再以ABRAHAM LINCOLN为例， 我把文章中的年代进行排列，让学生分别找出与之相关的事件，使学生对Abraham Lincoln有比较详细的了解。